Archive for Don Southerton

Chuseok Korean Holiday

September 20, 2018 Commentary Comments Off on Chuseok Korean Holiday

It’s that time of the year with Chuseok, (the Korean Harvest Moon Festival) right around the corner.

In 2018, Chuseok holiday falls on Monday September 24th.  The day after is also celebrated as a National Holiday.

Koreans, as many agrarian cultures, once followed the lunar calendar, but in recent history, they have deferred to the solar calendar in line with international practice.

While public holidays are based on the solar calendar, there are a few days that are celebrated based on the lunar calendar.

These are the two most important traditional holidays, the Korean New Year’s Day (the first day of the first lunar month) and the Chuseok mid-autumn festival (fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month).

In mass, and I mean a substantial part of the population travel.  For many this is back to their home villages. Over the holiday they perform ancestral rituals at the graves of relatives as well as share time with their family over traditional foods. Others opt to travel overseas or a popular trend has been staycations in luxury hotels.

For your Korean colleagues (in Korea), you can wish them a happy Chuseok by Facebook Messenger, phone, text, or email this coming Thursday September 20 after 4 PM (Friday AM in Korea).

Again, for most Koreans the holiday break will begin Friday at the end of day through Tuesday September 25. Some may take more days off that week.

For expat Koreans working outside Korea, you can wish then happy Chuseok on the holiday, Monday September 24 .

If you’d like to try, here’s a common greeting.

Chuseok jal ji nae sae yo.

Even though many things have been changed by Korea’s rapid industrialization, urbanization, and globalization we find in the celebration of Chuseok that family remains one of the bedrock of Korean society.

Questions?  Feel free to reach out.  Email or Text me at 310-866-3777

http://bridgingculture.com

Don

Korea Culture Puzzle, Part 2

August 19, 2018 Commentary Comments Off on Korea Culture Puzzle, Part 2

In this Part 2 of the Korea culture puzzle, I’ll look from the perspective of Korean companies and their willingness to adapt and embrace new ideas while localizing their overseas operations outside Korea. 

Korea Culture Puzzle

Don Southerton

With this, how adaptive are Korean teams and management when they have operations in another country outside Korea? 

The simple answer is it varies from region to region, country to country and even within a company that has several local subsidiaries in a county.  

Layer on an openness to change varies with individuals, plus if there a local  DNA that fosters, coaches and encourages all to adapt vs. one where the pressure is to stay the course.

So what is changing?

Frankly, over the past decades little has changed in the expat model. The Korean expatriates, often called Executive Coordinators, are consistently highly engaged in the local operations, decision-making and the approval process– often holding on to what worked in Korea.

More so, I see few differences from the past in their workplace dress, protocols, work habits and grueling long hours—even with generational shifts occurring. So too, within expats, we can find rigid thinking and risk avoidance overshadowing the openness to change.

Radical Change

Surprisingly, where I see the potential from change is from within the companies in Korea.  In fact, in what was once a sea of rigid conformity in 2018 the Korean domestic workplace is undergoing radical change.

It is here we’ll potentially see an openness to change that gets transplanted to Korean overseas operations. This newer generation and more progressive management when assigned to an overseas position may bring their progressive values, attitude, and onlook towards the workplace.

This includes as examples no tolerance for “bullying” and companies that have become more sensitive to work life balance with broad mandates in place. Workers are now, too, boldly voicing publically concerns when policies are not followed.

Employees, leadership and government, too, are pushing back on old practices and there is a widespread acceptance that Korean business, domestic and overseas, must embrace innovation to be competitive.

In Part 3 of the Korea Culture Puzzle, I will share my workarounds and work-throughs for local teams finding resistance to change, openness to new idea and flexibility… all needed the wake of pressure to better react to local trends and market conditions.  

Don   https://www.bridgingculture.com

Willingness to Change

August 12, 2018 Global Business Comments Off on Willingness to Change

The Culture Puzzle Part 1 and a willingness to change.

willingness to change

Noted Korea expert Don Southerton

When a western company enters an overseas’ market such as Korea, gaps in understanding commonly surface.  Most often the western brand and their team bring new ideas and an approach to the market.

This is nothing new.  In fact, many of today’s success stories result from looking outside the box.

For example, when Starbucks entered Korea, they encouraged customers to sit and enjoy their drink… as well as converse with a friend, read a book, surf the web or catch up on homework.

Prior, the Korean model was for a quick turnover — customers in and out the door.  This “stay” took some time to convince both the local Korean business partner and the customer.  Today it is the norm and only limited by seating availability.

Still, when companies change hands, merger or are introduced to international markets, it brings in new or different procedures.

In my experience, it is not unusual for Korean teams to pushback— as most companies might with market entry until they gain insights.

To some extent, local norms, regulations, and laws may dictate how the western brand must adapt and localize. That said,  most often with the pushback comes discussions beginning with the phrase, “But, in Korea,…”

Here we can find rigid thinking and risk avoidance overshadowing the openness to change. More so, western teams can feel that without fully embracing their brand or service’s nuances and business model, chances of success in the new market are reduced and may not even succeed.

Now the tricky part…

All said when to localize and adapt to the local tastes, preferences, and trends versus when to hold to the western model requires cultural finesse, an open mind and critical thinking.  This needs to unfold over time.

 

In Part 2 of the Culture Puzzle, I’ll look at Korean companies and their brands’ openness to adapt and localize in their overseas operations outside Korea.– and a willingness to change?

 

More to come…

https://www.bridgingculture.com

 

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The Face of the Company

August 5, 2018 Commentary Comments Off on The Face of the Company

When working with teams and leadership globally the challenge is to how best embed a company’s values in new corporate C-levels to entry-level teams–as all represent the face of the company.

As I have found in all my projects… when they bring in new American and western leadership, without a full immersion in their DNA….the new team members may cognitively recognize the company culture– but frankly defer to their own past ways.

For the auto industry if former Ford, Mazda, Toyota, GM or other brands…. in most cases I see them fall back on the former company norms and practices….and not really embracing the new Culture unless strong mentoring takes place….

This goes the same for other business sectors. I see a few exceptions…

BTW in Korea, all the major Chaebol have deep immersion into the respective corporate culture. These “boot camps”, most lasting for 4-6 weeks, cover all aspects of the firm’s operation.

In addition to classroom learning, they embed the new employee in actual day to day operations. For example, this may include a week on the line in manufacturing, or on the floor in their retail operations, and time in a service center. I even know a Korean food brand that requires it’s new executives to work in their restaurants alongside a chef in food prep for a week.

All said, hires regardless of rank and title are most often given a brief orientation then expected to jump into their new job. This is a reality.

My recommendation as they are the face of the company the team also gets structured ongoing coaching and mentoring that shares the company’s Culture and DNA. This needs to be a priority… as it’s easy to push off with urgent business matters taking precedence–the Urgent overtaking the Important, the later contributing to long-term success, missions, and goals.

Here as always….

Don

Gapjil and the Attack on Bullying

July 29, 2018 Commentary Comments Off on Gapjil and the Attack on Bullying

Gapjil ― bullying employees or forcing employees to be at one’s beck and call. A phenomenon associated with the hierarchical nature of Korean society and work culture.

This week we look at one of the more hard-hitting issues.  As in past three posts, please feel free to share your comments. All welcome and appreciated.

Gapjil Korean bullying

Don Southerton author

Constant change is a trait of the Korean workplace. Most often change is initiated within the company as top down leadership mandates. Corporate restructuring within the major Korean Groups is common.

Shuffling of teams within departments and divisions annually is expected. That said, other factors contributing to change in the workplace today are outside forces, including the media and whistleblowers prompted by inappropriate actions by those in power in both the government and the private sector.

One not-so-surprising change is the growing push back and reporting of the strong arm or gapjil tactics in the workplace. One of the reasons is the heightened press coverage over instances of bullying by the members of the South Korean elite and privileged family businesses.

Linguistically, gapjil is a uniquely Korea term… and provides a look into Korea culture. The word, a newly coined term, is a colloquial expression referring to the arrogant or authoritarian attitude by someone in a position of power over others. The Korean culture of high power distance and strong hierarchical organizations have shaped and reinforced these attitudes. Sadly, gapjil is so much a part of the culture that we find individuals as subordinates on the receiving end of bullying-type situations guilty of the same actions to those below them.

Owner Gapjil is the most common type of gapjil and the one drawing considerable media attention. In this scenario representatives or executive family members of a company treat their employees with contempt, using abusive language or even assault. Owner Gapjil reflects the mistaken view that employers can treat employees however they want because of the extreme vertical relationship between the two individuals.

The controversy and public scrutiny arise as Koreans become increasingly intolerant of the country’s biggest conglomerates, or chaebol, whose executives often act with impunity. The December 2014 “nut rage” incident gained worldwide attention and notoriety. The controversy centered on the overt belittling of a senior attendant by airline executive Heather Cho, daughter of the Korean Air Chairman, over the pre-flight serving of nuts, on board a departing Korean Air flight from NY’s JFK International Airport. The subsequent attempt by the Cho family and Korean Air to coerce employees to cover up the incident only added to public outrage. Similar “rages” continue to surface, adding to the fury over entitlement behavior among Korea’s elites.

Workplace Bullying
Workplace gapjil incidents have gone viral and Koreans have now started to perceive this as a serious problem. Previously, these incidents might have been dismissed or never reported for fear of retribution.

Studies report that the most frequently observed bullying behaviors are arrogant and crude language, abrupt task assignments, rejection of opinions, discrimination and character assassination.

On the positive note, public scrutiny has forced more companies to become sensitive to the issue and openly address complaints of bullying. Also, workers subject to abuse in the past are now speaking out in social media and reporting cases to whistle-blower sites.

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More on Don Southerton    http://www.bridgingculture.com

Relationships Korea 2020

July 20, 2018 Commentary Comments Off on Relationships Korea 2020
As with past three books and those prior, I’ll be sharing chapter by chapter sneak peeks for comments, questions and in many cases your additional and much-needed thoughts. This is the third installment.   Missed past 2 posts?  Just let me know and I’ll share.  Comment welcome.  Enjoy.
relationships

Author Don Southerton

Chapter 2
            Favouritism prevails in our society due to strong political, academic and blood ties… It worsens social division, denies fair chances to ordinary people and therefore makes their social mobility more difficult.  Chung Seon-sup, Chaebul.com
Relationships
Relationships are the core of Korean society and business.  During a recent Seoul office chat a team member reminded me that Korean communication, too, was based on relationships. Although I am familiar with the Korean language use of honorification and recognize the elevated status, I gained some new insights as my colleague explained how a conversation is shaped by the relationship between the speakers. For example, how one communicates with another person is dependent upon the junior/senior relationship. Honorification is required towards a person who is senior in age or position.
Additionally, my colleague reminded me that while polite and respectful conversation is a plus, the power distance created in the use of honorification could distance co-workers and created inequality, which can be seen as detrimental to a modern workplace.
This conversation then shifted to how these hierarchical power distant relationships in the workplace reinforced by language also lead to a related issue — strong loyalty with juniors expected to support leadership and visa versa.
In the extreme a loyal subordinate may take the blame for a superior’s actions and even cover for a boss’s questionable activities—a surprisingly common occurrence in Korea.  Such loyalty in the past was expected to be rewarded with superiors sharing earned fortunes and opportunities with loyalists.
It is no surprise that to ensure a high level of loyalty, executives, traditionally, hired friends, acquaintances, and classmates to fill the managerial positions below them.   Additionally, the persons hired typically were associated with shared alma maters, such as Korea University, Yonsei, Sungkyunkwan,and Seoul National, creating a tight network. This was the rule, not the exception.
Today these past practices are viewed as favoritism and are now under considerable scrutiny.  More so, these hires are seen as irregular, circumventing the normal employment procedures others have to follow, and contributing to inequality. However, the main problem with these “prioritized” loyalties is they interfere with hiring and promoting competence, especially in areas requiring expertise.
            Seoul JUNE 4, 2018  South Korea’s President Moon Jae-in is struggling to ferret out widespread nepotism and cronyism that has plagued the country for decades after revelations of hiring practices that favor those connected with the wealthy and powerful.
 
            Despite Mr Moon’s reform efforts, allegations of favouritism in the jobs market continue to make headlines, dealing a blow to his key economic policy of boosting growth by creating jobs in the public sector and fuelling discontent among South Korea’s youth. 
 
            Nepotism in hiring is politically embarrassing for the liberal government and Mr. Moon, who was elected on a platform of tackling corruption, rooting out cronyism and promoting equality… 
 
            Young people’s frustration is building up even under this centre-left administration that is pursuing a fair society free of corruption, said Park Ju-geun, head of corporate analysis group CEO Score.
            But experts say Mr Moon faces an uphill battle in stopping favouritism as they suspect unfair hiring practices are even more prevalent in the private sector than in state-funded institutions, because it receives less public scrutiny. 
 
            “If favouritism is tolerated, competent human resources are not allocated to the best places, weakening the country’s economic efficiency and social justice,” said Park Sang-in, a professor of public administration at Seoul National University .
Regarding public scrutiny, the tide has turned. Media coverage of what is now seen as unfair practices has been quite extensive. Government agencies, financial institutions and private industry have been cited, with their leadership coming under investigation and being prosecuted.
We see this systemic overhaul to fix unfair hiring practices as another aspect of the change in the Korea workplace.  That said, many of these changes such as honorification, seniority, and loyalties are deeply rooted in tradition and practice.
In particular modern Korean society still is challenged to part from the ways of Confucianism–the Confucian emphasis on the importance of the family and the group over the individual that had been extended to South Korean business.
Employees once were expected to regard the workplace as a family, with loyalty to the head of the company as the patriarch who enjoyed exclusive rank, status and privileges. Importance was also placed on attributes such as age, kinship status, gender, education, and sociopolitical standing.  All today seen to be in conflict with a modern and fair workplace. Still relationships matter.
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Korea 2020 The Progressive Workplace

July 16, 2018 Korean Business Culture Comments Off on Korea 2020 The Progressive Workplace

This is the second of many sneak previews of my latest work in progress Korea 2020.  Comments welcome on the progressive workplace.

progressive workplace

Author Don Southerton

Even if a company implements a casual dress policy and does away with honorifics to facilitate communications, managers still won’t listen to us.  They are just old fogies in jeans.  A junior manager, 2017 Survey Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry and McKinsey Consulting   
Chapter 1 A Progressive Workplace
In November 2015, I was asked by a journalist researching an article for The Economist to comment on the Korean workplace. The journalist’s premise as a foreigner was that significant change had already occurred.  I shared two points—first, office change was underway.  The best example of a progressive workplace was a firm I knew well — Hyundai Capital Services, a financial arm for the Hyundai Motor Group.  And two, due to stiff competition in Korea’s key overseas markets, in lots of cases, I saw the opposite of a liberalization of the workplace. In fact, new stricter policies were in place.
These points shaped the article. Addressing the first point, the progressive Hyundai Capital, the article revealed some of their policies.  I quote….
            MEETINGS to last no more than 30 minutes;
             junior staff allowed to speak freely with superiors; 
            a cut in bonuses for bosses whose teams do not take enough holidays. 
     
 My second point was that even though the new generation of workers sought change and companies’ endorsed change, older generations remain in firm control, especially in their overseas operations. Again I quote The Economist:
            Don Southerton, who advises South Korean businesses on how to manage their foreign operations, says many have been “going back to basics” since the slowdown in China and other big emerging markets. Their Korean staff has reverted to working longer hours and straining to hit short-term targets, under pressure from the bosses back in  Seoul.
 
            More South Korean companies appear to be tightening the screws at home, too: a  portal, found that almost half felt their company was disciplining them more than before: making them stick to a strict lunch hour, for example; or asking them to arrive   at the office an hour earlier; or in stricter dress codes.
 
            Relapsing back into old ways is unlikely to work, however, given the reluctance of younger employees to tolerate the strictures of the typical South   Korean workplace. Their expectations are “totally different” from those of their parents…
Fast-forwarding three years to 2018
Today, I do see a transition underway—a lessening pushback, too.   Companies have become more sensitive to work-life balance and many have broad mandates in place. Samsung and SK Group, as examples, have introduced a more simplified corporate hierarchy. Lotte Group has introduced stricter policies to support work-life balance including shutting down the company’s computers after working hours and requiring male workers to go on paternal leave.
 
More radical, workers are now boldly voicing publically concerns when policies are not upheld. Korean daily, Joongang News noted:
            When Kim Hyo-rin, 25, started her first job at a conglomerate, she soon realized that the company wasn’t as progressive as she thought it would be. 

            “Even though my company practices flextime and has a 40-hour workweek policy,  our department boss always looks at us badly if we come to work after 9 a.m., even though I work the full 40 hours,” said Kim.

            When she started the job, Kim was optimistic about working at a company with policies that seemed so worker-friendly.

            “Our company also has a policy that prevents senior colleagues from texting juniors about work-related issues after working hours and during weekends, but that rule is always ignored,” she added. “Nonetheless, our entire office is covered with posters  promoting these campaigns, which I feel are just for show.”


Change is underway.
Although implementation may be slow to take root in a growing number even leadership in the private sector, academia and government continue to stress the benefits of the progressive workplace.  Advocates point out the goal is a workplace in which employees are intrinsically motivated and evaluated according to their performance, not their seniority.
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Sneak Peek Korea 2020

July 7, 2018 Commentary Comments Off on Sneak Peek Korea 2020

Working Title Korea 2020       Sneak Peek 1

In recent years my works Korea Facing, Secrets to Success in Korean Global Business (2013) and Korea Perspective (2015) both looked at Korea business–outside Korea, while Hyundai Way: Hyundai Speed (2014) was a deep dive into Hyundai Motor and Korean corporate culture. That said, over the past 3 years I have continued to author numerous published articles…. all the while pondering the next book-worthy topic.
My recent non-stop rounds of travel to South Korea has not only piled on the air miles but provided the needed research required to again begin crafting my next book.
Korea 2020

Seoul

As with past three books and those prior, I’ll be sharing chapter by chapter sneak peeks for comments, questions and in many cases your additional and much-needed thoughts.
To begin…Korea 2020
I work within two worlds, two cultures.  In my first, I support organizations outside Korea, often advising major Korean companies on their international operations or assisting western firms’ HQ C-suite leadership in their market entry ventures into South Korea.
My second is counseling leadership and teams, both western and domestic, in Korea.  As a highly respected friend and colleague recently noted to a group meeting introduction,  “Don has lived many lives in Korea.”
For the former, the overseas subsidiaries of most Korean companies have Korean management assigned to the host country. The general term for these representative employees is ju jae won. Within the local overseas organizations, they may be called Coordinators, Executive Coordinators or Executive Advisors.
Some expatriates may hold a line managerial position with day-to-day responsibilities alongside western managers, while others hold key management C-level positions, such as CEO, COO, and especially CFO.
Little Change
Frankly, over the past decades, little has changed in the expat model. The expatriates are consistently highly engaged in the local operations and decision-making.  More so, I see few differences from the past in their workplace dress, protocols, work habits and grueling long hours—even with generational shifts occurring.
Radical Change
Surprisingly, where I see the contrast is with the companies in Korea.  In fact, in what was once a sea of conformity and protocols, the workplace is undergoing radical change.
Exploring this change will be the core for my new book in progress—working title Korea 2020.   As I explore and share the new Korean workplace, I envision two audiences.  My first target group is those new to Korea and its workplace. For this, my work can serve as a study guide and primer.  The second target readership is the leaders and teams outside Korea and my goal is to help this group understand the changes underway within Korea.  I see this as vital to help them better make decisions.
Snapshots Tuesday PM`
Driving across Gangnam amid a summer rainstorm to a meeting with a Korean multi-national firm’s CEO, the newly appointed domestic leader—a Korean American expatriate.  His challenges—getting the local team to be open to change.
Wednesday AM
Meeting with senior leadership of a major Korean chaebol’s tech division.  The Korean senior vice president, a newly recruited America educated Ph.D., walks into the meeting in jeans and a dress shirt. His team– in a mix of casual dress –polos and collared dress shirts.
Thursday Early AM
Arriving at the worldwide headquarters for a top global brand, one notices the high-security measures now in place from vehicle checkpoints to heightened levels of document verification when signing in for the visit.
Escorted by a staffer, we’re joined by the team again in casual dress… in a workplace once best described for decades as  “ a sea of white shirts, ties, and dark suits.”
Thursday PM
Passing through similar security some hours later, we were greeted by a team and its lead engineer—again sporting a very trendy Ralph Lauren branded shirt. In quizzing his past work experience—we learn this engineer was recruited from a rival Chaebol—a once unheard of recruiting practice.
Their Vice President, a European—one of several in the company, and now heading up the division, joins the meeting. .  Despite a considerable difference in rank and experience, the Korean team and the VP collaborate as equals—their common ground—they are engineers.
Friday AM
A mid-level manager arrives in the office shortly after 9 AM—not unusual for the worker with a 45 to 60-minute commute.  Reflecting today’s workforce women in the office number the same as men. One notices the manager’s casual dress–sneakers and jeans with cuffs rolled up 10+ inches, the new trend.  Few heads turn as the employee walks over to a workstation. All is considered normal.
Stay tuned…
It is apparent to those long associated with Korea that the workplace culture is changing.   In sneak peek previews, as an observer of Korea, I’ll be sharing not only trends but also the impact of Change both in Korea and for operations and HQs outside Korea. Plus, my focus… the “why’ behind …
More to come… comments and questions welcome…Korea 2020
Don
 Copies of  ALL my previous works are available complimentary… just ask.
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Korean facing business interactions

June 4, 2018 Commentary Comments Off on Korean facing business interactions
This week we look at Korean facing business interactions in the workplace.
By its very nature, Korean facing business is the interaction of worldwide teams.
This necessitates colleagues of different cultures working together on a daily basis.  How we see others culturally is often in the differences and similarities.  (I like to focus on the later; as differences pull us apart and similar brings us together. More effective, too.)
Korean facing business interactions
Most old-school cross-culture books and program content dwell on sharing differences… so be wary.
Particularly for U.S.-based western teams engaged in Korean operations, I believe in the importance of learning about the workplace in Korea—the 2018 norms, practices, and day-to-day life. These insights allow us to better understand our Korean teams and their expectations. Recognizing can dispel stereotyping, prejudices and ethnocentrism.
Recognizing similarities is one of the most powerful cross-cultural bridges. In other words, to what can you relate in routine day-to-day life?  This requires identifying the local beliefs, values, expectations, traditions, and culture.
BTW   They are ever changing.
Outcomes
Although there is bound to be friction between home and host country cultural values, a successful model accomplishes:
Awareness and appreciation of both the home and host country with the ability to gain an insight into one’s own personal traits, strengths, weaknesses, attitudes, and interests.
Realization of similarities and shared values, along with an awareness of and respect for the cultural differences.
Noting the 2018 generational differences. ( if you missed my recent article on Korean generational in the workplace, let me know and I’ll get you a copy).  Lots vary in how Korean generations see and do business.
In closing.
How do you see applying Korean facing business interactions to you and your own experiences as well as working with Korean teams?
I look forward to your thoughts and comments.
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Cross-cultural Workplace Gaps

May 28, 2018 Commentary Comments Off on Cross-cultural Workplace Gaps

Happy Memorial Day…. some thoughts for a holiday read on the cross-cultural workplace.

Contracts, legal agreements, and business plans go hand in hand with global business. I was once told that in Korea the purpose of signing a contract or agreement was essentially to formalize the partnership. Over time terms would be subject to change and re-negotiation.

My Korea facing experience has been that agreements fundamentally solidify the working relationship. However, to maintain any partnership contractual obligations will require on-going changes to reflect business conditions. In contrast, a legal agreement in the West is immutable.

This week, I’d like to elaborate and bring into a broader cultural dimension re: the cross-cultural workplace.

cross-cultural workplace

Don Southerton

This Culture (with a big C) lesson is Koreans in the workplace and business see and prefer most things as “ gray” ever-changing and subject to revision. What’s set on paper matters, but as just as a Roadmap.

This ties into the “balli-balli” mindset, too.  See balli-balli, here, too.

In fact, Koreans in contrast to the Japanese see this “ flexibility’ as a competitive advantage…. They do craft elaborate and thoughtful business plans, organizational charts, job descriptions, and workflows — often crafted by junior and less experienced teams, but in reality, feel these are subject to change as circumstances shift. In the Korean workplace, the reality is all is ever evolving — shifting and adjusting daily.

In contrast western (US, UK, the Germans, AU) business feels most comfortable when we think through all the potential issues (often based on years of first-hand experience by senior executives) and then set things firmly on paper. In turn, any changes to for example, to a business plan, are subject to considerable scrutiny and critical thinking before altering.

As an option and best practice to working with both Cultures, first and foremost building the relationship and communications matters most. Misunderstandings will surface, but when both teams better understand each other’s mindset, we can move to collaboration and compromise.

In mentoring, I strive to build this understanding, pulling apart the issues to their cultural core, and sharing how to best build bridges and close gaps — something which is more art than science ☺ and not without its challenges in the cross-cultural workplace.

DS

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